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SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS

作者:ic921 栏目:模拟技术
SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS

提要

SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS
l         Rail-to-Rail Input Stages
l         Rail-to-Rail OUTPUT Stages
l         Single-Supply Instrumentation Amplifiers

第一章 单电源放大器
l         Rail-to-Rail的输入级
l         Rail-to-Rail的输出级
l         单电源仪表放大器


SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS


第一章 单电源放大器

原作:Adolfo Garcia
翻译:******

原文

译文和注释

[001]

[001]

Over the last several years, single-supply operation has become an increasingly important requirement as SYSTEMs get smaller, cheaper, and more portable. Portable SYSTEMs rely on batteries, and total CIRCUIT POWER consumption is an important and often dominant design issue, and in some instances, more important than cost. This makes low-voltage/low supply current operation critical; at the same time, however, accuracy and PRECISION requirements have forced IC manufacturers to meet the challenge of “doing more with less” in their AMPLIFIER DESIGNS.

近几年来,单电源工作已经成为一个系统小型化、价格低廉化和便携化越来越重要的要求。便携式的系统依靠电池,整个电路耗电是一个重要而又困扰设计的问题,它甚至比价格更为突出。这样,用低电压、低电流工作的问题就更加突出,与此同时,精确性和精确度的要求又迫使IC制造者在做放大器设计时,将不得不接受种种取舍的挑战。



Figure 1.1

[002]

[002]

In a single-supply application, the most immediate effect on the performance of an AMPLIFIER is the reduced input and OUTPUT signal range. As a result of these lower input and OUTPUT signal excursions, AMPLIFIER CIRCUITs become more sensitive to internal and external error sources. PRECISION AMPLIFIER offset voltages on the order of 0.1mV are less than a 0.04 LSB error source in a 12-bit, 10V full-scale SYSTEM. In a single-supply SYSTEM, however, a "rail-to-rail" PRECISION AMPLIFIER with an offset voltage of 1mV represents a 0.8LSB error in a 5V FS SYSTEM, and 1.6LSB error in a 2.5V FS SYSTEM.

对单电源应用,对放大器性能最直接的影响是输入和输出信号范围减小了。由于通过的是些更低的输入和输出信号,因而放大电路对内部和外部误差源变得更为敏感。精密放大器大约0.1mV的失调电压,较12位、10V满量程系统0.04LSB误差(源)要少。在单电源供电系统中,一个“rail-to-rail”精密放大器以1mV失调电压,对一个5V FS系统就意味着0.8LSB的误差,对2.5V FS系统则意味意味着1.6LSB的误差。

[译者语]a 0.04 LSB error source中的source要译吗?为难中。

[003]

[003]

Furthermore, AMPLIFIER bias currents, now flowing in larger source resistances to KEEP current drain from the BATTERY low, can generate offset errors equal to or greater than the AMPLIFIER’s own offset voltage.

此外,放大器的偏置电流,如在更大的源阻抗中则可以使得电池流掉电源低一些,则可引起的失调误差等于或大于放大器本身的失调电压。
[译者语]有点为不太明白。译大意吧。

[004]

[004]

Gain accuracy in some low voltage single-supply DEVICEs is also reduced, so DEVICE selection needs careful consideration. Many AMPLIFIERs having open-loop gains in the millions typically operate on DUAL supplies: for example, the OP07 family types. However, many single-supply/rail-to-rail AMPLIFIERs for PRECISION applications typically have open-loop gains between 25,000 and 30,000 under light loading (>10KOHM). Selected DEVICEs, like the OPX13 family, do have high open-loop gains (i.e., >1V/μV).

一些低压单电源供电的器件的增益精度也要减小,因而,器件选择也要仔细考虑。许多放大器有数百万倍开环增益的都是双电源供电的:例如OP07系列之类的。但是,许多精密应用的单电源供电/rail-to-rail放大器在轻载(> 10KOHM)下的典型开环增益为25,000 和30,000 之间。选择的器件,如OPX13系列,则有高开环增益(即大于1V/μV)。

[005]

[005]

Many trade-offs are possible in the design of a single-supply AMPLIFIER: speed versus POWER, noise versus POWER, PRECISION versus speed and POWER, etc. Even if the noise floor remains constant (highly unlikely), the signal-to-noise ratio will drop as the signal amplitude decreases.

设计单电源放大器,在许多“交易”都是是可能存在的:速度与电耗,噪声与电耗,精确度与速度和电耗等等。甚至the noise floor保持常数(大就不受欢迎),在信号大幅下降时信噪比也将下降。

[译者语]“the noise floor”应该怎么译?

[006]

[006]

Besides these limitations, many other design considerations that are otherwise minor issues in DUAL-supply AMPLIFIERs become important. For example, signal-to-noise (SNR) performance degrades as a result of reduced signal swing. "Ground reference" is no longer a simple choice, as one reference voltage may work for some DEVICEs, but not others. SYSTEM noise increases as operating supply current drops, and bandwidth decreases. Achieving adequate bandwidth and required PRECISION with a somewhat limited selection of AMPLIFIERs presents significant SYSTEM design challenges in single-supply, low-POWER applications.

除这些限制以外,许多双电源放大器的其它设计考虑都变得重要起来。例如,信噪比(SNR)由于信号摆幅的减少而降低。“地参考”已不再是一个简单的选择,如一个参考电压在一些器件上可以工作,而其它器件则不然。电源电流降低时,系统噪声又会增加,且带宽也跟着减小。对单电源、低功耗应用,在放大器的一些有限的选择面前,要达到适当的带宽和所需的精度,无疑对系统设计提出了重大的挑战。

[007]

[007]

Most CIRCUIT designers take "ground" reference for granted. Many ANALOG CIRCUITs scale their input and OUTPUT ranges about a ground reference. In DUAL-supply applications, a reference that splits the supplies (0V) is very convenient, as there is equal supply headroom in each direction, and 0V is generally the voltage on the low impedance ground plane.

多数电路设计师都愿意用“地面”作为参考。许多模拟电路称它们的输入和输出范围也是以地为参考的。在双电源供电的应用中,分离电源的参考(0V)非常方便,尽管在各个方向有相等的电源净空,且0V一般是电压在低阻抗地层板上。

[008]

[008]

In single-supply/rail-to-rail CIRCUITs, however, the ground reference can be chosen anywhere within the supply range of the CIRCUIT, since there is no STANDARD to follow. The choice of ground reference depends on the type of signals processed and the AMPLIFIER characteristics. For example, choosing the negative rail as the ground reference may optimize the dynamic range of an op amp whose OUTPUT is designed to swing to 0V. On the other hand, the signal may require level shifting in order to be compatible with the input of other DEVICEs (such as ADCs) that are not designed to operate at 0V input.

在单电源/rail-to-rail电路中,参考地尽可以电源电压范围内任意点选择,因为没有标准可循的。选择参考地取决于被处理信号类型和放大器特性。例如, 选择负轨作为参考地可
2楼: >>参与讨论
ic921
文件共40余页,已译5页
请大家多多支持,以期在春节前译完。----有鼓励和批评,劲头比较足点,呵呵。

查了一下,好巧,一个月后的今天就是春节了。。。。

* - 本贴最后修改时间:2005-12-29 1:18:38 修改者:ic921

3楼: >>参与讨论
ic921
图1和图2
图1

图2

4楼: >>参与讨论
南方的老树
楼主辛苦了,支持!
 
5楼: >>参与讨论
sheepyang
辛苦了
看了最后第12项,觉得需要修改:
  由于大多数单电源数据采集系统至少需要12~14位性能,所以在各种负载条件下能够保持开环增益大于30,000倍的放大器对精密应用是非常好的选择。


6楼: >>参与讨论
sheepyang
第三项翻译是不是这样
此外,放大器的偏置电流,即从电池往下(这个low还不好理解)流经较大的源电阻(是不是Rds?)的漏电流,可引起的失调误差会等于或大于放大器本身的失调电压。


* - 本贴最后修改时间:2005-12-29 13:07:31 修改者:sheepyang

7楼: >>参与讨论
sheepyang
do more with less意思
直译就是
   办的事情多,花费少。
   
有人认为“事半功倍”比较好。

"trade off"翻译成"折衷",就是功耗与速度是矛盾的。

边看边评:

  dynamic ranger: 动态范围
  op amp:运算放大器。 (楼主被鬼子忽悠了)


For example, choosing the negative rail as the ground reference may optimize the dynamic range of an op amp whose OUTPUT is designed to swing to 0V. On the other hand, the signal may require level shifting in order to be compatible with the input of other devices (such as ADCs) that are not designed to operate at 0V input.
“例如,选择负轨作为地参考也许能够优化一个输出可以至0运放的动态范围。另一方面,为了兼容其他那些工作输入信号电压不为0的器件,如模数-数模转换器,信号电平也许要做平移。(抬高还是要降低我不清楚)



Early single-supply “zero-in, zero-out” AMPLIFIERs were designed on bipolar processes which optimized the performance of the NPN transistors. The PNP transistors were either lateral or substrate PNPs with much poorer performance than the NPNs. Fully complementary processes are now required for the new-breed of single-supply/rail-to-rail operational AMPLIFIERs. These new AMPLIFIER DESIGNS do not use lateral or substrate PNP transistors within the signal path, but incorporate parallel NPN and PNP input stages to accommodate input signal swings from ground to the positive supply rail. Furthermore, rail-to-rail OUTPUT stages are designed with bipolar NPN and PNP common-emitter, or N-channel/P-channel common-source AMPLIFIERs whose collector-emitter saturation voltage or drain-source channel on-resistance determine OUTPUT signal swing with the load current.
早期"0输入,0输出的"单电源放大器是采用对NPN管性能经过优化的
双极工艺设计的。而横向及衬底PNP的性能比NPN差很多。现在新一代的单电源/轨到轨的运算放大器需要完全互补的工艺。新的放大器在信号通路上不会使用横向或衬底PNP,但是与NPN及PNP并行协作的输入端能够使输入信号的摆幅从0到正电源电压。并且,轨到轨的输出级采用了NPN/PNP共射或是N沟/P沟共源放大器形式,而集电极发射极的饱和电压或漏-源导通电阻将决定输出信号摆幅与负载电流的关系。



* - 本贴最后修改时间:2005-12-29 19:43:15 修改者:sheepyang

8楼: >>参与讨论
liulinlei
不急。辛苦了
 
9楼: >>参与讨论
cmqiu1969

 
10楼: >>参与讨论
iC921
sheepyang的点评很到位
受用了!

11楼: >>参与讨论
awey
强烈支持!
 
12楼: >>参与讨论
ferry
支持一下
noise floor 基底噪声 (即对给定的输出信躁比(S/N)时的有效输入信号电平Si,也叫系统灵敏度)
即使基底噪声保持不变(可能性极小),信躁比也将随信号幅值减小而下降。


13楼: >>参与讨论
computer00
俺也来凑凑热闹…………
[007]……In dual-supply applications, a reference that splits the supplies (0V) is very convenient, as there is equal supply headroom in each direction, and 0V is generally the voltage on the low impedance ground plane.

[007]……在双电源应用中,用电源分压而得到的参考(0V)使用起来是非常方便的,因为在(正负)两个方向上具有相同的摆动范围,并且0V电压通常又是低阻抗的地平面。

14楼: >>参与讨论
computer00
[010]
[010]

The characteristics of a single-supply AMPLIFIER input stage (common-mode rejection, input offset voltage and its temperature coefficient, and noise) are critical in PRECISION, low-voltage applications. Rail-to-rail input operational AMPLIFIERs must resolve small signals, whether their inputs are at ground, or at the AMPLIFIER’s positive supply. Amplifiers having a MINIMUM of 60dB common-mode rejection over the entire input common-mode voltage range from 0V to the positive supply (VPOS) are GOOD candidates. It is not necessary that AMPLIFIERs maintain common-mode rejection for signals beyond the supply voltages: what is required is that they do not self-destruct for momentary overvoltage conditions. Furthermore, AMPLIFIERs that have offset voltages less than 1mV and offset voltage drifts less than 2μV/°C are also very GOOD candidates for PRECISION applications. Since input signal dynamic range and SNR are equally if not more important than OUTPUT dynamic range and SNR, PRECISION single-supply/rail-to-rail operational AMPLIFIERs should have noise levels referred-to-input (RTI) less than 5μVp-p in the 0.1Hz to 10Hz band.

temperature coefficient:我觉得改为“温度系数”会比较好。

在精密、低电压应用的场合,单电源放大器输入级的特性(共模抑制比、输入偏置电压以及它有温度系数、噪声) 是很重要的。Rail-to-rail输入的运算放大器必须解决小信号的问题, 不管是它们的电平位于地电平,还是位于放大器的正电源电平。在0V到电源正(VPOS)整个共模输入电压范围内具有至少60dB的共模抑制比的放大器是不错的选择。而信号远离电源电压后,再维持放大器的共模抑制是不必要的,需要的却是不为瞬间过电压所毁坏的条件。此外,在精密应用场合,具有失调电压小于1mV并且失调电压飘逸小于2μV/℃的运放也是非常好的选择。因为当在没有比输出动态范围和SNR更重要的要求时,输入信号动态范围和SNR同等重要,所以精密单电源/rail-to-rail运算放大器应该在0.1Hz~10Hz的带宽里有小于5μVp-p的折合到输入端的噪声(RTI)。

15楼: >>参与讨论
guorock
似乎是AD公司的DATASHEET!呵呵
 
16楼: >>参与讨论
asunmad
支持一下。
近期比较忙,灌水少了,随便谈点想法,以示支持
[003]
Furthermore, AMPLIFIER bias currents, now flowing in larger source resistances to KEEP current drain from the BATTERY low, can generate offset errors equal to or greater than the AMPLIFIER’s own offset voltage.

其中,now flowing in larger source resistances to KEEP current drain from the BATTERY low中的now指的就是在单电源放大器中(而不是以往的双电源放大器),to KEEP ... low上表示目的的状语。

全句试译为:

此外,在单电源放大器中,因为使用更大的源电阻以减小电源电流,偏置电流流过更大的源电阻产生的失调电压可能等于或大于放大器本身的失调电压。

感觉意思是这样,但翻译得比较呦口,希望哪位帮忙理一下:)


17楼: >>参与讨论
iC921
谢谢大家的支持!
争取明晚,发第二节。

18楼: >>参与讨论
by2hit.amo
强烈支持^_^ 预祝各位元旦快乐!
 
19楼: >>参与讨论
iC921
今晚因为同学来聊
还有网友联络较多,未能如期发帖。请大家原谅。

* - 本贴最后修改时间:2006-1-1 2:20:08 修改者:iC921

20楼: >>参与讨论
wanghui525
学习
支持啊!

21楼: >>参与讨论
dxia
SECTION 1 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS
辛苦了

22楼: >>参与讨论
iC921
研讨翻译 SINGLE-SUPPLY/RAIL-TO-RAIL OP AMP INPUT STAGES

SINGLE-SUPPLY/RAIL-TO-RAIL OP AMP INPUT STAGES



部分句子自觉不好译,在译文栏中保留,多请大家指教。

RAIL-TO-RAIL输入级的单电源运算放大器

[013]

[013]

With the increasing emphasis on low-voltage, low-power, and single-supply operation, there is some demand for op amps whose input common-mode range includes both supply rails. Such a feature is undoubtedly useful in some applications, but engineers should recognize that there are relatively few applications where it is absolutely essential. These should be carefully distinguished from the many applications where common-mode range CLOSE to the supplies or one that includes one of the supplies is necessary, but input rail-rail operation is not.

以低电压、低功耗和单电源工作为增长点,运算放大器的输入共模范围应包括两个电源轨。这一特点在一些应用中有用是无容置疑,但工程师应该认识到它的相对性,象这样的应用是很少的。应当从许多应用中区分出共模范围紧靠电源或电源的一边是需要的,但要求输入rail-rail工作则不必。

[014]

[014]

In many single-supply applications, it is required that the input go to ONLY one of the supply rails (usually ground). AMPLIFIERs which will handle zero-volt inputs are relatively easily designed using either PNP TRANSISTORs (see OP90 and the OPX93 in Figure 1.3) or N-channel JFETs (see AD820 family in Figure 1.4). P-channel JFETs can be used where inputs must include the positive supply rail (but not the negative rail) as shown in Figure 1.4 for the OP282/OP482.

许多单电源应用中,它的输入只涉及一个电源轨(通常为“地”)。用PNP管(见图3的OP90和OPX93)或N沟道JFET(参见图1.4的AD820系列)设计的0V电压输入的放大器相对容易些。P沟道JFET则可以用于面正电源轨而不能用于负电源轨(的放大器),如图1.4所示的OP282/OP482 。

OP90 AND OPX93 INPUT STAGE ALLOWS INPUT TO GO TO THE NEGATIVE RAIL



Figure 1.3
AD820/AD822/AD824 INPUT INCLUDES NEGATIVE RAIL,
OP-282/OP-482 INCLUDES POSITIVE RAIL



Figure 1.4

[015]

[015]

In the FET-input stages of Figure 1.4, the possibility exists for phase reversal as input signals approach and exceed the AMPLIFIER’s LINEAR input common-mode voltage ranges. As described in Section 7, internal AMPLIFIER stages saturate, forcing subsequent stages into cutoff. Depending on the structure of the input stage, phase reversal forces the OUTPUT voltage to one of the supply rails. For n-channel JFET-input stages, the OUTPUT voltage goes to the negative OUTPUT rail during phase reversal. For p-channel JFET-input stages, the OUTPUT is forced to the positive OUTPUT rail. New FET-input AMPLIFIERs, like the AD820 family of AMPLIFIERs, incorporate design improvements that prevent OUTPUT voltage phase reversal for signals within the rated supply voltage range. Their input stage and second gain stage even offer protection against OUTPUT voltage phase reversal for input signals 200mV more positive than the positive supply voltage.

用FET作输入级的见图1.4,当输入信号接近和超过放大器的线性输入共模电压范围时存在反偏的可能性。详细介绍详见第7节,内部放大器级饱和,迫使后级截止。根据输入级的结构,反偏将迫使输出电压向一个电源轨靠拢。对N沟道JFET输入级,反偏期间的输出电压将趋向负轨。对P沟道JFET输入级,输出电压则趋向正轨。新的FET输入放大器,如AD820系列放大器,incorporate design improvements that prevent OUTPUT voltage phase reversal for signals within the rated supply voltage range它们的输入级和第二增益级甚至可以提供输入信号高于正电源电压+200mV  against OUTPUT voltage phase reversal的保护。

[译者语]phase reversal,一般译作反相,但第一句也这样译似乎不妥。另,黑体字一句看上去很容易,但处理起来感觉特难,故予以保留。
[译注]Section 7指的是另一篇文章,不在本文(section 1)的范围内。

[016]

[016]

As shown in Figure 1.5, true rail-to-rail input stages require two long-tailed pairs, one of NPN bipolar TRANSISTORs (or N-channel FETs), the other of PNP TRANSISTORs (or p-channel FETs). These two pairs exhibit different offsets and bias currents, so when the applied input common-mode voltage changes, the AMPLIFIER input offset voltage and input bias current does also. In fact, when both current sources (I1 and I2) remain active throughout the entire input common-mode range, AMPLIFIER input offset voltage is the average offset voltage of the NPN pair and the PNP pair. In those DESIGNS where the current sources are alternatively SWITCHed off at some point along the input common-mode voltage, AMPLIFIER input offset voltage is dominated by the PNP pair offset voltage for signals near the negative supply, and by the NPN pair offset voltage for signals near the positive supply.

如图1.5所示,真正的 rail-to-rail输入级需要两个长尾对,一个为双极型NPN体管(或N沟道FET),另外一个为PNP管(或P沟道FET)。由于这两个差分对有不同的失调电流和偏置电流,因此加到输入共模电压变化,放大器的输入偏置电压和输入偏压电流也跟着改变。实际上,当两个电流源(I1 和I2)依然处在整个输入共模(电压)范围,放大器输入失调电压是NPN差分对和PNP差分对的平均值。按输入共模电压的某些点,电流源的设计应转向关断,因此,信号在负电源附近,放大器输入失调电压由PNP差分对失调电压决定,而信号在正电源附近,则NPN差分对的失调电压控制着。

[017]

[017]

AMPLIFIER input bias current, a function of TRANSISTOR current gain, is also a function of the applied input common-mode voltage. The result is relatively poor common-mode rejection (CMR), and a changing common-mode input impedance over the common-mode input voltage range, compared to familiar DUAL supply PRECISION devices like the OP07 or OP97. These specifications should be considered carefully when choosing a rail-rail input op amp, especially for a non-inverting configuration. Input offset voltage, input bias current, and even CMR may be quite GOOD over PART of the common-mode range, but much worse in the region where operation shifts between the NPN and PNP devices.

放大器的输入偏置电流,晶体管的电流放大作用,也具有加到输入共模电压的作用。结果,与熟悉比较双电源精密器件如OP07OP97相比,相对地劣化的共模抑制(CMR),改变整个共模输入电压范围的输入阻抗。在选择rail-rail输入级的运算放大器时,这些特性都要仔细考虑,特别是在同相配置时。在各自的共模范围内,输入失调电压、输入偏置电流甚至共模抑制CMR也许都十分的好,但在NPN元件和PNP元件间的工作交替的区域却更坏。
[译者语]over PART of the common-mode range怎样处理好?其中PART和[018]同样句型中的most算是一种什么样的关系?

RAIL-TO-RAIL INPUT STAGE TOPOLOGY



Figure 1.5

[018]

[018]

Many rail-to-rail AMPLIFIER input stage DESIGNS SWITCH operation from one differential pair to the other differential pair somewhere along the input common-mode voltage range. Devices like the OPX91 family and the OP279 have a common-mode crossover threshold at approximately 1V below the positive supply. In these devices, the PNP differential input stage remains active; as a result, AMPLIFIER input offset voltage, input bias current, CMR, input noise voltage/current are all determined by the character
23楼: >>参与讨论
iC921
预计明晚帖下一小节
 
24楼: >>参与讨论
IC921
研讨翻译 SINGLE-SUPPLY AMPLIFIERS -3-

SINGLE-SUPPLY/RAIL-TO-RAIL OP AMP OUTPUT STAGES


输出级为RAIL-TO-RAIL的单电源运算放大器

[023]

[023]

The earliest IC op amp OUTPUT stages were NPN emitter followers with NPN current sources or resistive pull-downs, as shown in Figure 1.6. Naturally, the slew rates were greater for positive-going than for negative-going signals. While all modern op amps have push-pull OUTPUT stages of some sort, many are still asymmetrical, and have a greater slew rate in one direction than the other. This asymmetry, which generally results from the use of IC PROCESSes with better NPN than PNP TRANSISTORs, may also result in the ability of the OUTPUT to approach one supply more closely than the other.

最初的集成运算放大器的输出级是NPN电流源的NPN 放射追随器或通过电阻下拉,如图1.6所示。(这样的电路),其正向信号的压摆率自然比负向的大。现代运算放大器有某种方式的推挽式的输出级,许多也是不对称的,并且某一方向的压摆率有比其它方向的有更大的倾向。这种比PNP晶体管更好的非对称性,一般源于所用的IC工艺,也源于这样能比其它方式更有迫近某一电源轨的能力。

[024]

[024]

In many applications, the OUTPUT is required to swing ONLY to one rail, usually the negative rail (i.e., ground in single-supply systems). A pulldown RESISTOR to the negative rail will allow the OUTPUT to approach that rail (provided the load impedance is high enough, or is also grounded to that rail), but ONLY slowly. Using an FET current source instead of a RESISTOR can speed things up, but this adds complexity.

许多应用中,输出只需摆向某一电源轨,而且通常是负轨(即单电源系统的电源地)。一个下拉电阻器将允许输出迫近迫近该电源轨(所提供的负载阻抗足够高, 或负载也是接地的),但这样速度较慢。若使用FET电流源来代替电阻器则可能使之加速,但这又增加了复杂性。

OP AMP OUTPUT STAGES USING
COMPLEMENTARY DEVICES ALLOW PUSH-PULL DRIVE



Figure 1.6

[025]

[025]

An IC PROCESS with relatively well-matched (AC and DC) PNP and NPN TRANSISTORs allows both the OUTPUT voltage swing and slew rate to be reasonably well matched. However, an OUTPUT stage using BJTs cannot swing completely to the rails, but ONLY to within the TRANSISTOR saturation voltage (VCESAT) of the rails (see Figure 1.7). For small amounts of load current (less than 100μA), the saturation voltage may be as low as 5 to 10mV, but for higher load currents, the saturation voltage can increase to several hundred mV (for example, 500mV at 50MA).

具有PNP与NPN晶体管匹配(包括交流和直流)相对较好的IC工艺,可以使输出摆幅和压摆率都会有相应较好的匹配。然而,输出级使用BJT(双极型晶体管)就无法完全地摆动电源轨,而只能限于在晶体管饱和电压(VCESAT)的范围之内(参见图1.7)。为小负载电流(小于1004μA),饱和电压也许低至5~10mV。但更高的负载电流,饱和电压可能增加到几百mV(例如50MA时为500mV) 。
[译者语]both不是指两个输出,而是the OUTPUT voltage swing和to be reasonably well matched。要注意。

[026]

[026]

On the other hand, an OUTPUT stage constructed of CMOS FETs can provide true rail-to-rail performance, but ONLY under no-load conditions. If the OUTPUT must source or sink current, the OUTPUT swing is reduced by the voltage dropped across the FETs internal "on" resistance (typically, 100ohms).

另一方面,由CMOS FET构建的输出级则可能提供真正的rail-to-rail性能,但只限于无负载情况下。如果输出必须吸入或灌出(泵出)电流,输出摆幅就会因FET内部“导通”阻抗的压降而降低(典型为100Ω)。

RAIL-TO-RAIL OUTPUT STAGE SWING
IS LIMITED BY Vcesat, Ron, AND LOAD CURRENT



Figure 1.7

[027]

[027]

In summary, the following points should be considered when selecting AMPLIFIERs for single-supply/rail-to-rail applications:

总之,在选择单电源/rail-to-rail放大器时以下各点应该予以考虑:

[028]

[028]

First, input offset voltage and input bias currents can be a function of the applied input common-mode voltage (for true rail-to-rail input op amps). Circuits using this class of AMPLIFIERs should be designed to minimize resulting errors. An inverting AMPLIFIER configuration with a false ground reference at the non-inverting input prevents these errors by holding the input common-mode voltage constant. If the inverting AMPLIFIER configuration cannot be used, then AMPLIFIERs like the OP284/OP484 which do not exhibit any common-mode crossover thresholds should be used.

首先,输入失调电压和输入偏置电流是加到输入端共模电压的函数(对真rail-to-rail的输入型的运算放大器)。放大器这一级电路要设计成引起的误差最小(化)。反相放大器在同相输入端进行虚地的配置,可防止这些由共模电压引入的误差恒定。如果不能使用反相放大器配置,那么,就要采用象OP284/OP484 这样do not exhibit any common-mode crossover thresholds的放大器。

[译者语]which do not exhibit any common-mode crossover thresholds掌握不好。

[029]

[029]

Second, since input bias currents are not always small and can exhibit different polarities, source impedance levels should be carefully matched to minimize additional input bias current-induced offset voltages and increased distortion. Again, consider using AMPLIFIERs that exhibit a smooth input bias current transition throughout the applied input common-mode voltage.

其次, 因为输入偏置电流不一定都小, 且可能体现不同的极性,而且源阻抗水平应该仔细地进行匹配,以将输入偏置电流引起额外失调电压和增加的畸变减到最小。再者,所用的放大器也要考虑在加到输入端的整个共模电压(范围内)输入偏置电流转换保持平滑。

[030]

[030]

Third, rail-to-rail AMPLIFIER OUTPUT stages exhibit load-dependent gain which affects AMPLIFIER open-loop gain, and hence closed-loop gain accuracy. Amplifiers with open-loop gains greater than 30,000 for resistive loads less than 10KOHM are GOOD choices in PRECISION applications. For applications not requiring full rail-rail swings, DEVICE families like the OPX13 and OPX93 offer DC gains of 0.2V/μV or more.

第三,rail-to-rail放大器输出级的负载-增益效应,放大器开环增益,闭环增益精度。放大器的开环增益大于30,000的负载阻抗小于10kΩ,在精密应用中是一个好的选择。对于不要求完全rail-rail摆幅的应用,象OPX13和OPX93系列器件可提供0.2V/μV或更多的直流增益。

[031]

[031]

Lastly, no matter what claims are made, rail-to-rail OUTPUT voltage swings are functions of the AMPLIFIER’s OUTPUT stage DEVICEs and load current. The saturation voltage (VCESAT), saturation resistance (RSAT), and load current all affect the AMPLIFIER OUTPUT voltage swing.

最后, no matter what claims are made,  rail-to-rail输出电压摆幅是放大器的输出级器件和负载电流的函数。饱和电压(VCESAT),饱和抵抗(RSAT)和负载电流全都影响着放大器输出电压的摆幅。

[032]

[032]

These considerations, as well as those re
25楼: >>参与讨论
computer00
no matter what claims are made 看起来像 “不管提出何种要求”
saturation resistance  应该翻译成“饱和电阻”比较合适吧。

These considerations, as well as those regarding rail-to-rail PRECISION, have implications in many circuits, namely instrumentation amplifiers, which will be covered in the next sections.
看看通不通:

像关于轨到轨(放大器?)精度这些问题的考虑,已经在很多电路中牵涉到了,(这些电路)也就是下一节中将要提到的仪表放大器。  


* - 本贴最后修改时间:2006-1-12 18:43:47 修改者:computer00

26楼: >>参与讨论
computer00
改了改030:
Third, rail-to-rail AMPLIFIER OUTPUT stages exhibit load-dependent gain which affects AMPLIFIER open-loop gain, and hence closed-loop gain accuracy. Amplifiers with open-loop gains greater than 30,000 for resistive loads less than 10KOHM are GOOD choices in PRECISION applications.

第三,轨到轨放大器的输出状态表现出 影响开环增益从而影响闭环增益精度的 负载增益效应。对于负载电阻小于10K欧姆的精密应用中,具有开环增益大于30,000的放大器是个不错的选择。

27楼: >>参与讨论
IC921
到位多了,多谢00!
 
28楼: >>参与讨论
asunmad
[015]粗体
New FET-input amplifiers, like the AD820 family of amplifiers, incorporate design improvements that prevent OUTPUT voltage phase reversal for signals within the rated supply voltage range.

新型的FET输入管放大器(如AD820系列放大器),在设计上做了改善,对于额定电源电压范围之内的信号,能够防止输出电压相位反转。

29楼: >>参与讨论
iC921
谢谢asunmad!
这个地方,我有想这么译,可是我还不太理解它指的到底是什么,所以不敢译出:“输出电压相位反转”,劳请详解。

30楼: >>参与讨论
asunmad
其实我也解释不清楚,不知看看那个Section 7能不能有点启示。
另外,我感觉[13]段中部分翻译值得商榷。
[13] ... Such a feature is undoubtedly useful in some applications, but engineers should recognize that there are relatively few applications where it is absolutely essential. These should be carefully distinguished from the many applications where common-mode range CLOSE to the supplies or one that includes one of the supplies is necessary, but input rail-rail operation is not.

这一特点在一些应用中有用是无容置疑,但工程师应该认识到它的相对性,象这样的应用是很少的。应当从许多应用中区分出共模范围紧靠电源或电源的一边是需要的,但要求输入rail-rail工作则不必。

毋庸置疑,这一特点在某些应用中是有用的,但工程师们应该知道,绝对需要这一特点的应用相对较少。必须把它与共模范围必须接近电源或者包含电源的一边的应用区别开来,Rail-rail输入不是这种情况。

31楼: >>参与讨论
ic921
前半句经你处理,爽多了,只是后半句不是很清楚
再次感谢asunmad!!

我看到这个地方总有一种模糊,与上一处[015]一样。我的理解是is not和 is necessary是对应的,对input rail-rail operation is not中的is not译成不必。

----------
文章中提到的两种得法:rail-rail 和rail-to-rail ,我没有来得及区别过。有什么不同呢?我译到这些地方,一般保留原样。现在提出来一下。

32楼: >>参与讨论
asunmad
IC921说得对,is not和is necessary是对应的,是我搞错了。
后一句可以译成:
必须把它与共模范围必须接近电源或者包含电源的一边,但不需要rail-rail输入的应用区别开来。

我没看出有区分rail-rail与rail-to-rail的必要,所以估且认为是原文中用词不一致吧。

* - 本贴最后修改时间:2006-1-14 23:00:35 修改者:asunmad

33楼: >>参与讨论
ic921
嘿嘿,好不容易看对一个地方
很受鼓励!

rail-rail与rail-to-rail还是观察下去再说吧。我看原文多次出现这样有差异的词,应该是有原因的。我在阅读的时候,是有一种不同的感觉。

34楼: >>参与讨论
jz0095
rail-rail与rail-to-rail
我也没看出两者在文中的含义有什么区别,倒是看到rail-rail/rail-to-rail中有单电源、双电源等区别。

[17]
Input offset voltage, input bias current, and even CMR may be quite GOOD "over PART of the common-mode range", but much worse in the region where operation shifts between the NPN and PNP devices.
[译者语]over PART of the common-mode range怎样处理好?

JZ:就是字面上的“在部分共模范围上”。
比如共模动态范围是+5/-5V,可能输入电压变化到+/-2V时的指标好,而在+/-1V之间由于交越失真导致的指标差。

[019]
An advantage to this type of rail-to-rail input stage design is that input stage transconductance can be made constant throughout the entire input common-mode voltage range, and the AMPLIFIER slews symmetrically for all applied signals.

slews指以某升/降速率变化:放大器对所有信号的升/降都以相等的速率变化着。


试译][32]
These considerations, as well as those regarding rail-to-rail PRECISION, have implications in many circuits, namely instrumentation AMPLIFIERs, which will be covered in the next sections.
对上述的(JZ:[31]中)、包括诸如轨-对-轨精度等考虑也适用于其他电路中,例如对仪表放大器的考虑中。在后续章节中将涉及到仪表放大器。


35楼: >>参与讨论
ic921
解释得好好!
懂了一些,又觉得复杂了一些。

----
我也没看出两者在文中的含义有什么区别,倒是看到rail-rail/rail-to-rail中有单电源、双电源等区别。
>>到底指什么意思呢?


rail-rail     单电源?
rail-to-rail  双电源?
如果是,那么原来的误会也太多了....

36楼: >>参与讨论
qqwjwww
关注
这是AD公司的研讨会资料。一共9章。
不是datasheet。有实际学习意义。

以上是给不知道的人作介绍。可以上他们网站下载英文原文。

37楼: >>参与讨论
jz0095
单电源中也有rail-rail或者rail-to-rail的应用
该含义是从[13]中看到的。

013]
With the increasing emphasis on low-voltage, low-power, and "single-supply operation", there is some demand for op amps whose input common-mode range "includes both supply rails".

rail-rail和rail-to-rail本身并没有什么区别。

38楼: >>参与讨论
asunmad
rail-to-rail vs. rail-rail
我认为rail-to-rail与rail-rail完全是一个东西,只是原文作者混用了罢了。
rail-to-rail中的横线是连字符,rail-rail中的横线则相当于破折号,“轨—轨”就是“轨到轨”,就像“0—9”就是“0到9”

39楼: >>参与讨论
ihoooo118
支持!
楼主辛苦了!

40楼: >>参与讨论
sheepyang
关于输出相位反相
FET是漏极输出,其工作原理类似MOS,
当NFET的栅加高电压时(,Vgs>0,本来Vgs=0就是导通的,Vgs>0相当于降低了导通电阻,类似于在耗尽型的NMOS上再加上正栅压,那不是导通更厉害么?),则漏极输出低电压.
PFET则相反,栅接地时,呵呵,(Vgs<0, PFET栅源接一起也是导通的)导通电阻小,
输出高电位。

而且文章中提到的是可能性。


41楼: >>参与讨论
ic921
感谢大家的关照
另,请sheepyang点评时加上段落编号,方便大家的对照。这是我们开始时约定的习惯,请跟上吧。

参见asunmad和jz0095的跟帖。

42楼: >>参与讨论
sheepyang
凑数
[031]
no matter what claims are made,不管怎么说

联系上下文的意思,作者好象是说rail-to-rail无论吹得是多么的好(晕,王婆卖瓜了),但是仍然与输出级的器件特性和负载电流有关。

[16]phase reversal
应该翻译成"反相",即如果NFET栅加高电位,输出将为低电位(即漏电位接近源电位,PFET也是一样的)


[30]Third, rail-to-rail AMPLIFIER OUTPUT stages exhibit load-dependent gain which affects AMPLIFIER open-loop gain, and hence closed-loop gain accuracy.

第三,轨到轨放大器输出级增益与负载有关,这将影响放大器的开环增益,当然也影响了闭环增益的准确性。


[18][28] crossover threshold 交叉值 (晕,被整晕了,上下文好象有点矛盾)
我的理解是文章中提到,rail to rail需要两个差分对(图1.5)这两个差分对可能输入共模电压范围不一样可能存在交叠。感觉是两者的共模范围重叠最好,因为这不影响输入端的特性。(理解可能有误,但看文章好象是的)
但是[18]里面好象是一个导通一个就关闭。晕,优点混乱。


[21]如果整个输入共模范围里两个差分对都有效的话,AMPLIFIER transient response is faster through the middle of the common-mode range by as much as a factor of 2 for bipolar input stages and by a factor of the square root of 2 for FET input stages

这句话的意思好象是说如果共模电压在共模范围的中间,则瞬态响应则加快。

如果整个输入共模范围里两个差分对都有效的话,共模输入电压在共模范围中间,运算放大器的瞬态响应将加快,对于双极输入差不多加快2倍,而对于FET输入加快根号2倍(1.414).







* - 本贴最后修改时间:2006-1-17 14:06:58 修改者:sheepyang

43楼: >>参与讨论
sheepyang
晕了
[18]Also, AMPLIFIER bias currents, dominated by the PNP differential pair over most of the input common-mode range, change polarity and magnitude at the crossover threshold when the NPN differential pair becomes active.

还有,输入共模电压在交叠区NPN对开始工作时,几乎整个共模范围内由PNP差分对决定的偏置电流将改变极性和大小。


注:从[18]来看好象,P对工作不希望N对工作。但下面的内容里的放大器又是N对和P对同时工作的。所以感觉有点乱。

这个偏置电流也有点模糊。N对工作改变大小是肯定的,但是怎么会改变极性?
不知道这个bias currents是指什么电流?是整个电路的偏置电流还是输入偏置电流?

44楼: >>参与讨论
sheepyang
还是有点晕哦
[20]. The exception occurs at the extremes of the input common-mode range, where AMPLIFIER offset voltages and bias currents increase sharply due to the slight forward-biasing of parasitic p-n junctions.

foward bias,正偏,文中的意思是对于N对,当基极输入电压高压集电极电压时,基极与集电极寄生的PN(其实不是寄生,是应该有的)将正偏。在1V以内将轻微导通。
对于P对,则是基极输入电压低于集电极电压。


[18] crossover threshold
还是有点模糊,感觉是P和N有时同时工作,有时不同时工作则存在crossover threshold.

45楼: >>参与讨论
l1q2cc3
晕了 没有后面的
我需要后面的翻译阿  根本不懂英文  非要翻译专业的

46楼: >>参与讨论
zexun
辛苦了
搂住辛苦了,谢谢搂住!

47楼: >>参与讨论
l1q2cc3
多辛苦点吧
楼主多辛苦点吧   把后面的也翻译了吧  实在需要啊

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